I wrote this paper several years ago, and sadly as I review current PCOS treatments I find not much has changed. We are still utilizing many of the same medications and focusing on fertility and symptoms. In fact, over 13 years later and nothing has changed. In healthcare, women are still second-class citizens and sit behind in medical advances.
For more information visit
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443
And
www.pcosaa.org
Introduction
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a lifetime health issue that affects only women. Initially, it was connected to infertility; however, scientists now know that the effects of Polycystic range from puberty to death. Polycystic is currently considered an endocrine disorder and not just an infertility issue.
What is PCOS?
Barber (2006) states, “Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous (women only) condition that affects approximately 6-10% of U.S. women and is associated with metabolic syndrome, which very often coexists with an overweight or obesity health issue.” PCOS seems to come in two forms, hormone-resistant and insulin-resistant. While the results seem to be the same and are treated similarly, each has different symptoms initially. PCOS usually manifests itself when a young woman gets her first period or after her first pregnancy.
In women with hormone-resistant PCOS, the ovaries do not make enough hormones to mature the waiting egg for ovulation. Instead, the egg accumulates fluid, and a cyst forms, ovulation does not occur, and the body does not produce the hormone progesterone. The primary symptom is anovulation in these women, or a menstrual cycle spanning greater than 45 days. The lack of ovulation and the lack of progesterone creates infertility, which creates an imbalance in the endocrine system, leading to further hormone imbalance and eventually insulin resistance.
In women who have insulin-resistant PCOS, the body does not respond to insulin. To combat this, the body creates an excess amount of insulin, dropping blood sugar levels. Insulin balance is essential to hormone balance and production, leading to carbohydrate craving as the body attempts to balance the low blood sugar levels. As the blood sugar level comes up, the insulin level again rises. A vicious cycle of high caloric intake, weight gain, and eventually hormone resistance and infertility. Barber (2006) says, “The presence of insulin resistance in women with PCOS (largely reflecting impaired glucose disposal in skeletal muscle) was established initially in 1980 by Burghen et al….There is some controversy regarding the presence of insulin resistance in lean women with PCOS. Possible reasons for this controversy include the use of variable definitions of PCOS and differences in ethnicity, family history of type 2 diabetes and personal history of gestational diabetes in women with PCOS and controls between studies.”
Symptoms of PCOS
Polycystic is a complex syndrome. The symptoms are often variable, broad-based, and similar to other syndromes and disorders, making PCOS intricate and sometimes difficult to pinpoint. The list of symptoms is hugely generalized, and many symptoms are directly connected to obesity.
Durso (2004) states that women with PCOS often have many of the following symptoms:
~ anovulation (absence of ovulation) or infrequent menstruation with heavy periods. *Note menstruation may occur in the absence of ovulation.
~ infertility because of anovulation
~ Hirsutism on the face, chest, stomach, back, thumbs, and toes
~Acne, oily skin, or dandruff
~ Balding, voice deepening, increased muscle mass, decreased breast size due to the overproduction of testosterone.
~ Abnormal weight gain or obesity
~ Type 2 diabetes
~ High cholesterol
~ High blood pressure
~ Thickened dark brown or black skin on neck, arms, breasts, or thighs
~ Skin tags in armpits and neck areas
~ Sleep apnea or excessive snoring
Diagnostic Tests
The process of diagnosing PCOS is complicated and depends on the level of understanding and knowledge of Polycystic by the primary care provider and the technology available in the patient’s area. Because the field of symptoms varies so greatly, testing should be comprehensive as well.
Tests that are conducted to confirm or rule out the presence of PCOS are:
~ Thorough medical history should include the age of the first period, length of time between periods, and quantity of flow in teens.
~ Physical examination including Body Mass Index and checking for excessive body hair, signs of Acne, loss of hair (balding).
~ Pelvic ultrasound including level 2 doppler color imaging of ovaries.
~ Comprehensive hormone panel blood workup including a pregnancy test, testosterone levels, DHEA-S levels, androstenedione levels, prolactin levels, thyroid levels, and 17-OHP levels.
~ Fasting glucose tolerance test or comparable insulin/glucose blood level test.
Treatment
The treatment options for Polycystic in the past have primarily depended on both symptoms and desired results. Until recently, the assumption of PCOS as a fertility problem lead to treatment by combined oral contraceptives. Snyder (2005) states, “For many years, oral contraceptive pills have been the mainstay of therapy for women with PCOS not desiring pregnancy. The best choices are the combined oral contraceptives (COSs). This hormonal therapy can regulate grossly irregular cycles, as well as decrease testosterone, thus decreasing the occurrence of Acne and Hirsutism.”
However, scientists now understand that uncontrolled PCOS can have lifetime health effects, and therefore treatment options have expanded to include hormonal, insulin, and weight treatments. Treatments currently available include:
Insulin regulating medications such as Metformin (Glucophage), used in patients with type 2 diabetes and those with insulin-resistant PCOS, is given to regulate insulin levels, decrease testosterone production, slow abnormal hair growth, and initiate ovulation. Many women who use Metformin for PCOS conceive within 2-6 months and use an insulin-regulating medication prior to conception and during the first months of pregnancy and may reduce the risk of gestational diabetes.
Although not the recommended first course of treatment, ovarian drilling surgery is available and can induce ovulation if the goal is pregnancy and not a PCOS treatment. While increasing the chance of conception, this surgery carries those risks associated with major surgery and is only suitable for one treatment cycle.
There are medications used to treat the symptoms of Polycystic such as Vaniqa, which slows hair growth, or Aldactone to treat hypertension and decrease free circulation testosterone levels. However, Snyder (2005) points out that “Currently, there are no FDA approved medications indicated for the treatment of PCOS. Any drug that is used in clinical practice is used off label.”
Currently, the most popular treatment for Polycystic is lifestyle changes and weight loss. Barber (2006) states that “Even modest weight loss of 5% of body weight has been shown to result in significant improvements in both symptoms of hyperandrogenism and ovulatory function in women with PCOS. There is no doubt, therefore, that adiposity plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of PCOS and strongly influences the severity of both its clinical and endocrine features in many women with the condition.”
Without treatment, women are at risk for serious health problems. (NICHD 2004) states, “Women with PCOS can be at an increased risk for developing seral other conditions. Irregular menstrual periods and the absence of ovulation cause women to produce the hormone estrogen but not the hormone progesterone. Without progesterone, which causes the endometrium to shed each month as a menstrual period, the endometrium becomes thick, which can cause heavy bleeding or irregular bleeding. Eventually, this can lead to endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. Women with PCOS are also at higher risk for diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart disease.”
Conclusion
Scientists now know that Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is no longer just a fertility issue but a lifetime health issue for women. The consequences of ignoring this disease are severe and life-threatening. Because acknowledgment of PCOS as a health issue is relatively recent, many women have gone untreated and are now dealing with the long-term health effects of this disease. Women who suspect PCOS in their family or who are experiencing any of the symptoms of Polycystic should seek out a provider who is knowledgeable about the syndrome and its health risks to obtain current and comprehensive treatment.
Reference:
Barber, Dr. T. (2006). Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 2006;65(2):137-145. Retrieved October 2006, from http://www.medscape.com
Durso, Nancy (M.D.). (2004). What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? Retrieved October 2006, from http://www.4woman.gov/faq/pcos.htm#3
Kusku, Naci K. (MD), & Koyuncu, Faik M. (MD). (2002). Insulin and Oral Antidiabetic Agents for Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medscape General Medicine, 4(4). Retrieved October 2006 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/440584_1
Legro, Richard S. (M.D.). Diagnostic Criteria in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, Med 21(3):267-275, 2003. Retrieved October 2006, from http://www.medscape.com
Snyder, Barbara S. (2005). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in the Adolescent Patient: Recommendations for Practice. Pediatric Nursing, 2005;31(5):416-421. Retrieved October 2006 from http://www.medscape.com